Biological Toxicity of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Natural Environments: From Microbes to Humans

Excessive levels of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in natural environments pose a serious threat to living beings worldwide. HM exposure causes irreversible damage structural components and metabolic processes organisms, as has been observed multiple studies on various organisms. In the environment, biological individuals interact with others through food web rather than exist independently, which facilitates transfer HMs web. However, difference toxicity among different species not elucidated. This review provides information speciation migration clarify routes species. The differences biotoxicity species, from microbes humans, are emphasized. relationship between is confirmed by fact that can be transferred bioaccumulated along chain. Effective strategies for decreasing emissions removing environment briefly discussed. Finally, limitations present study future perspectives